1. Abstract Noun
A noun (such as courage or freedom) that names
an idea, event, quality, or concept. Contrast with concrete noun.
In English, "many abstract nouns are
generally not inflected for number (lucks, nauseas) or they do not occur in
the.
2. Active Voice
3. Adjective
The part of speech (or word class) that
modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective forms: positive, comparative,
superlative. Adjective: adjectival.
4. Adverb
The part of speech (or word class) that is
primarily used to modify a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs can also
modify prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, and complete sentences.
5. Affix
A prefix, suffix, or infix: a word element (or
morpheme) that can be attached to a base or root to form a new word. Noun:
affixation. Adjective: affixable.
6. Agreement
The correspondence of a verb with its subject
in person and number, and of a pronoun with its antecedent in person, number,
and gender.
7. Appositive
A noun, noun phrase, or series of nouns used to
identify or rename another noun, noun phrase, or pronoun.
8. Article
A type of determiner that precedes a noun: a,
an, or the.
9. Attributive
An adjective that usually comes before the noun
it modifies without a linking verb. Contrast with predicative adjective.
10. Auxiliary
A verb that determines the mood or tense of
another verb in a verb phrase. Also known as a helping verb. Contrast with
lexical verb.
11. Base
The form of a word to which prefixes and
suffixes are added to create new words.
12. Capital Letter
The form of an alphabetical letter (such as A,
B, C) used to begin a sentence or proper noun; an uppercase letter, in contrast
to lower case. Verb: capitalize.
13. Case
A characteristic of nouns and certain pronouns
that expresses their relationship to other words in a sentence. Pronouns have
three case distinctions: subjective, possessive, and objective. In English,
nouns have only one case inflection, the possessive. The case of nouns other
than the possessive is sometimes called the common case.
14. Clause
A group of words that contains a subject and a
predicate. A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a
sentence-like construction within a sentence (a dependent clause).
15. Common Noun
A noun that can be preceded by the definite
article and that represents one or all of the members of a class. As a general
rule, a common noun does not begin with a capital letter unless it appears at
the start of a sentence. Common nouns can be subcategorized as count nouns and
mass nouns. Semantically, common nouns can be classified as abstract nouns and
concrete nouns. Contrast with proper noun.
16. Comparative
The form of an adjective or adverb involving a
comparison of more or less, greater or lesser.
17. Complement
A word or word group that completes the
predicate in a sentence. The two kinds of complements are subject complements
(which follow the verb be and other linking verbs) and object complements
(which follow a direct object). If it identifies the subject, the complement is
a noun or pronoun; if it describes the subject, the complement is an adjective.
18. Complex
Sentence
A sentence that contains at least one
independent clause and one dependent clause.
19. Compound-Complex
Sentence
A sentence that contains two or more
independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
20. Compound
Sentence
A sentence that contains at least two
independent clauses.
21. Conditional
Clause
A type of adverbial clause that states a
hypothesis or condition, real or imagined. A conditional clause may be
introduced by the subordinating conjunction if or another conjunction, such as
unless or in case of.
22. Conjunction
The part of speech (or word class) that serves
to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. The two main types of
conjunction are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
23. Contraction
A shortened form of a word or group of words
(such as doesn't and won't), with the missing letters usually marked by an
apostrophe.
24. Coordination
The grammatical connection of two or more ideas
to give them equal emphasis and importance. Contrast with subordination.
25. Count Noun
A noun that refers to an object or idea that
can form a plural or occur in a noun phrase with an indefinite article or with
numerals. Contrast with mass noun (or noncount noun).
26. Declarative
Sentence
A sentence in the form of a statement (in
contrast to a command, a question, or an exclamation).
27. Definite
Article
In English, the definite article the is a determiner
that refers to particular nouns. Compare to indefinite article.
28. Demonstrative
A determiner that points to a particular noun
or to the noun it replaces. The demonstratives are this, that, these, and
those. A demonstrative pronoun distinguishes its antecedent from similar
things. When the word precedes a noun, it is sometimes called a demonstrative
adjective.
29. Dependent
Clause
A group of words that has both a subject and a
verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also
known as a subordinate clause.
30. Determiner
A word or a group of words that introduces a
noun. Determiners include articles, demonstratives, and possessive pronouns.
31. Direct Object
A noun or pronoun in a sentence that receives
the action of a transitive verb. Compare to indirect object.
32. Ellipsis
The omission of one or more words, which must
be supplied by the listener or reader. Adjective: elliptical or elliptic.
Plural, ellipses.
33. Exclamatory
Sentence
A sentence that expresses strong feelings by
making an exclamation. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, express a
command, or ask a question.)
34. Future Tense
A verb form indicating action that has not yet
begun. The simple future is usually formed by adding the auxiliary will or
shall to the base form of a verb.
35. Gender
A grammatical classification which in English
applies primarily to the third-person singular personal pronouns: he, she, him,
her, his, hers.
36. Gerund
A verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a
noun.
37. Grammar
The set of rules and examples dealing with the
syntax and word structures of a language.
38. Head
The key word that determines the nature of a
phrase. For example, in a noun phrase, the head is a noun or pronoun.
39. Idiom
A set expression of two or more words that
means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words.
40. Imperative Mood
The form of the verb that makes direct commands
and requests.
41. Imperative
Sentence
A sentence that gives advice or instructions or
that expresses a request or command. (Compare with sentences that make a
statement, ask a question, or express an exclamation.)
42. Indefinite
Article
The determiner a or an, which marks an
unspecified count noun. A is used before a word that starts with a consonant
sound ("a bat," "a unicorn"). An is used before a word that
starts with a vowel sound ("an uncle," "an hour").
43. Independent
Clause
A group of words made up of a subject and a
predicate. An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as
a sentence. Also known as a main clause.
44. Indicative Mood
The mood of the verb used in ordinary
statements: stating a fact, expressing an opinion, asking a question.
45. Indirect Object
A noun or pronoun that indicates to whom or for
whom the action of a verb in a sentence is performed.
46. Indirect
Question
A sentence that reports a question and ends
with a period rather than a question mark.
47. Infinitive
A verbal--usually preceded by the particle
to--that can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
48. Inflection
A process of word formation in which items are
added to the base form of a word to express grammatical meanings.
49. -ing Form
A contemporary linguistic term for the present
participle and gerund: any verb form that ends in -ing.
50. Intensifier
A word that emphasizes another word or phrase.
Intensifying adjectives modify nouns; intensifying adverbs commonly modify
verbs, gradable adjectives, and other adverbs.
51. Interjection
The part of speech that usually expresses
emotion and is capable of standing alone.
52. Interrogative
Sentence
A sentence that asks a question. (Compare with
sentences that make a statement, deliver a command, or express an exclamation.)
53. Interrupting
Phrase
A word group (a statement, question, or
exclamation) that interrupts the flow of a sentence and is usually set off by
commas, dashes, or parentheses.
54. Intransitive
Verb
A verb that does not take a direct object.
Contrast with transitive verb.
55. Irregular Verb
A verb that does not follow the usual rules for
verb forms. Verbs in English are irregular if they do not have a conventional
-ed form.
56. Linking Verb
A verb, such as a form of be or seem, that
joins the subject of a sentence to a complement. Also known as a copula.
57. Mass Noun
A noun (such as advice, bread, knowledge) that
names things which cannot be counted. A mass noun (also known as a noncount
noun) is used only in the singular. Contrast with count noun.
58. Modal
A verb that combines with another verb to
indicate mood or tense.
59. Modifier
A word, phrase, or clause that functions as an
adjective or adverb to limit or qualify the meaning of another word or word
group (called the head).
60. Mood
The quality of a verb that conveys the writer's
attitude toward a subject. In English, the indicative mood is used to make
factual statements or pose questions, the imperative mood to express a request
or command, and the (rarely used) subjunctive mood to show a wish, doubt, or
anything else contrary to fact.
61. Negation
A grammatical construction that contradicts (or
negates) part or all of a sentence's meaning. Such constructions commonly
include the negative particle not or the contracted negative n't.
62. Noun
The part of speech (or word class) that is used
to name or identify a person, place, thing, quality, or action. Most nouns have
both a singular and plural form, can be preceded by an article and/or one or
more adjectives, and can serve as the head of a noun phrase.
63. Number
The grammatical contrast between singular and
plural forms of nouns, pronouns, determiners, and verbs.
64. Object
A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives
or is affected by the action of a verb in a sentence.
65. Objective Case
The case or function of a pronoun when it is
the direct or indirect object of a verb or verbal, the object of a preposition,
the subject of an infinitive, or an appositive to an object. The objective (or
accusative) forms of English pronouns are me, us, you, him, her, it, them,
whom, and whomever.
66. Participle
A verb form that functions as an adjective.
Present participles end in -ing; past participles of regular verbs end in -ed.
67. Particle
A word that does not change its form through
inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of parts of
speech.
68. Parts of Speech
Traditional term for the categories into which
words are classified according to their functions in sentences.
69. Passive Voice
A verb form in which the subject receives the
verb's action. Contrast with active voice.
70. Past Tense
A verb tense (the second principal part of a
verb) indicating action that occurred in the past and which does not extend
into the present.
71. Perfect Aspect
A verb construction that describes events
occurring in the past but linked to a later time, usually the present.
Oxford Dictionary
of English:
There are three aspects in English, the
progressive or continuous aspect (expressing duration, typically using
the auxiliary verb be with a form in -ing, as in I was reading a book), the perfect or perfective
(expressing completed action, typically using the auxiliary verb have with a
past participle, as in I have read the book), and unmarked aspect (as in he reads books).
72. Person
The relationship between a subject and its
verb, showing whether the subject is speaking about itself (first person--I or
we); being spoken to (second person--you); or being spoken about (third
person--he, she, it, or they).
73. Personal
Pronoun
A pronoun that refers to a particular person,
group, or thing.
74. Phrase
Any small group of words within a sentence or a
clause.
75. Plural
The form of a noun that typically denotes more
than one person, thing, or instance.
76. Possessive Case
The inflected form of nouns and pronouns
usually indicating ownership, measurement, or source. Also known as genitive
case.
77. Predicate
One of the two main parts of a sentence or
clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases
governed by the verb.
78. Predicative
Adjective
An adjective that usually comes after a linking
verb and not before a noun. Contrast with attributive adjective.
79. Prefix
A letter or group of letters attached to the
beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning.
80. Prepositional
Phrase
A group of words made up of a preposition, its
object, and any of the object's modifiers.
81. Present Tense
A verb tense that expresses action in the
present time, indicates habitual actions, or expresses general truths.
82. Progressive
Aspect
A verb phrase made with a form of be plus -ing
that indicates an action or condition continuing in the present, past, or
future.
83. Pronoun
A word (one of the traditional parts of speech)
that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause.
84. Proper Noun
A noun belonging to the class of words used as
names for unique individuals, events, or places.
85. Quotation
The reproduction of the words of a writer or
speaker. In a direct quotation, the words are reprinted exactly and placed in
quotation marks. In an indirect quotation, the words are paraphrased and not
put in quotation marks.
86. Regular Verb
A verb that forms its past tense and past
participle by adding -d or -ed (or in some cases -t) to the base form. Contrast
with irregular verb.
87. Relative Clause
A clause introduced by a relative pronoun
(which, that, who, whom, or whose) or a relative adverb (where, when, or why).
88. Sentence
The largest independent unit of grammar: it
begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or
exclamation point. A sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a
word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a
subject and a verb.
89. Singular
The simplest form of a noun (the form that
appears in a dictionary): a category of number denoting one person, thing, or
instance.
90. Subject
The part of a sentence or clause that indicates
what it is about.
91. Subjective Case
The case of a pronoun when it is the subject of
a clause, a subject complement, or an appositive to a subject or a subject
complement. The subjective (or nominative) forms of English pronouns are I,
you, he, she, it, we, they, who and whoever.
92. Subjunctive
Mood
The mood of a verb expressing wishes,
stipulating demands, or making statements contrary to fact.
93. Suffix
A letter or group of letters added to the end
of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional
ending.
94. Superlative
The form of an adjective that suggests the most
or the least of something.
95. Tense
The time of a verb's action or state of being,
such as past, present, and future.
96. Transitive Verb
A verb that takes a direct object. Contrast
with intransitive verb.
97. Verb
The part of speech (or word class) that
describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.
98. Verbal
A verb form that functions in a sentence as a
noun or a modifier rather than as a verb.
99. Word
A sound or a combination of sounds, or its
representation in writing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may
consist of a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes.
100. Word Class
A set of words that display the same formal
properties, especially their inflections and distribution. Similar to (but not
synonymous with) the more traditional term part of speech.
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